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8. Glossary of Terms
- % m/m:
- Represents the mass fraction for the purposes of this discussion document.
- ASTM:
- ASTM International – formally the American Society for Testing and Materials.
- ASTM D 664:
- Standard Test Method for Acid Value of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration.
- ASTM D 975:
- Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils.
- ASTM D 2274:
- Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method).
- ASTM D 4530:
- Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method).
- ASTM D 4806:
- Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
- ASTM D 5798:
- Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.
- ASTM D 6217:
- Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration.
- ASTM D 6751:
- ASTM standard for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels (up to 20% by volume).
- Biodiesel:
- Esters made from vegetable oils or animal fats (i.e. tallow); most commonly blended with diesel for use in compression-ignition (diesel) engines.
- Bioethanol:
- Ethyl alcohol produced by the fermentation and distillation of sugars and starches.
- Biofuels:
- Biofuels are fuels that are derived from biomass (recently living organisms or their metabolic by-products). They are a renewable energy source, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum fuels.
- Biomass:
- The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste.
- BX:
- A blend of X% biodiesel in diesel, e.g. B5 contains 5% biodiesel, 95% petroleum diesel.
- CEN:
- European Committee for Standardization.
- Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP):
- An indicator of the temperature at which the precipitation of wax crystals in distillate fuel may lead to blocking or plugging of equipment filters and fuel lines.
- Cloud Point:
- Cloud point defines the temperature at which a clear diesel fuel becomes hazy or cloudy due to the formation of wax crystals.
- Denaturant:
- A substance added to ethanol to make it undrinkable, or unsuitable for human consumption, e.g. petrol.
- Diesel:
- A refined petroleum distillate having a viscosity and distillation range that is intermediate between those of kerosene and light lubricating oil, whether or not it contains additives, and that is intended for use as fuel in internal combustion engines ignited by compression.
- E70:
- The percentage volume evaporated at 70ºC. The PPSR set lower and upper limits to ensure good starting and engine performance when warm.
- EECA:
- The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority.
- EN:
- European Standard.
- EN 12662:
- Method of test for liquid petroleum and its products. Determination of contamination in middle distillates.
- EN 14112:
- Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Determination of oxidation stability (accelerated oxidation test).
- EN 14214:
- Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines – Requirements and test methods.
- EN 590:
- Automotive fuels. Diesel. Requirements and test methods.
- ERMA:
- Environmental Risk Management Authority.
- Ethanol:
- Bioethanol or non-renewable ethyl alcohol which can be used as a fuel in neat form or high level blends in specifically designed vehicles or blended at low levels with petrol for use in vehicles with spark ignition engines.
- EX:
- A blend of X% ethanol in petrol, e.g. E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% petrol.
- FAEE:
- Fatty acid ethyl ester, biodiesel produced by ethanol esterification of natural product fatty acids.
- FAME:
- Fatty acid methyl ester, biodiesel produced by methanol esterification of natural product fatty acids.
- FVI:
- Flexible Volatility Index is a function of VP and E70. It is an indicator of hot running performance, or the tendency for fuel to vaporise in the fuel lines when the engine is hot (known as vapour lock) and impede fuel flow.
- Fuel Quality Monitoring Programme (FQMP):
- Responsibility of the Measurement and Product Safety Service, a group within the Ministry of Economic Development. It routinely tests petrol and diesel samples from around the country to monitor that the fuel available to consumers complies with the regulations.
- Glycerides:
- Esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol can be esterified with one, two or three fatty acids to form monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides.
- Glycerol (or glycerine):
- An alcohol that is the main by-product of the transesterification process. Biodiesel may contain free glycerol and/or bound glycerol (i.e. contained in the mono-, di- and triglycerides).
- Hydrous ethanol:
- Neat ethanol that has a higher water content than "anhydrous" ethanol, and is therefore generally unsuitable for blending with petrol.
- IP:
- Energy Institute, formally Institute of Petroleum.
- ISO:
- International Organisation for Standardization.
- ISO 12205:
- Petroleum products - Determination of the oxidation stability of middle-distillate fuels.
- JAMA:
- Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association.
- JASO M 360:
- Japanese B100 standard based on EN 14214.
- JASO M 361:
- Japanese E100 standard.
- JIS:
- Japanese Industrial Standards.
- JIS K 2204:
- Japanese mandatory petroleum diesel and B5 specification – "Law on the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels" or the "Quality Assurance Law".
- JIS K 2501:
- Petroleum Products and Lubricants - Determination of Neutralisation Number.
- MED:
- Ministry of Economic Development.
- NZRC:
- New Zealand Refining Company.
- NZS 7500:
- The New ZealandStandard on Automotive Biodiesel – Specification for Manufacturing and Blending.
- OEM:
- Original Equipment Manufacturer
- Non-retail sale:
- All fuel sold via a written contract or supply agreement.
- Polymerise:
- The chemical reaction in which a compound is made into a polymer, which is a natural or synthetic compound that consists of large molecules made of many chemically bonded smaller identical molecules.
- Petrol:
- Means a refined petroleum distillate, normally boiling within the limits of 15ºC to 220ºC, whether or not it contains additives, that is intended for use as a fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion engines.
- Petroleum Products Specifications Regulations (PPSR):
- These regulations specify the technical requirements to be met in respect of petrol and diesel supplied for use other than as an aviation fuel, for motor car racing, for powerboat racing and jet boats, and for motorcycle racing.
- Premium grade petrol:
- Means petrol supplied with a research octane number of 95 or higher.
- Pr EN 15376:
- Automotive fuels - Ethanol as a blending component for petrol.
- Regular grade petrol:
- Means petrol supplied with a research octane number of at least 91 but less than 95.
- Renewable:
- An energy source that is inexhaustible and is contantly replenished by natural processees; includes non carbon technologies such as solar energy, hydro power and wind as well as technologies based on biomass (i.e. biofuels).
- Retail sale:
- Means a sale to an end user who has no written supply agreement or written contract with the supplier in respect of the sale.
- Saturated fatty acids:
- All carbons contain as many hydrogens as possible (hence a saturated fat is 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms). The fatty acids do not contain any double bonds or other functional groups along the chain.
- Unsaturated fatty acids:
- A fat or fatty acid in which there are one of more double bonds in the fatty acid chain (hence eliminating hydrogen atoms). A fat molecule is monosaturated if it contains one double bond and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e. the more double bonds in the fatty acid), the more vulnerable it is to oxidative degradation.
- Vapour pressure (VP):
- This is a measure of the pressure exerted by the vapours delivered from a liquid at a given temperature and pressure.
- WWFC:
- World-Wide Fuel Charter – The Charter is released on behalf of a large number of vehicle and engine manufacturers. Its stated purpose is to promote greater understanding of the fuel quality needs of motor vehicle technologies and to harmonise fuel quality worldwide in accordance with engine and vehicle needs.
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